| Herbert W. Armstrong (July 31, 1892 – January 16, 1986) was the founder of the Worldwide Church of God, Ambassador College (a private university), a broadcaster, a publisher, a self-styled "Ambassador for Peace", and (through the Church and the Ambassador International Cultural Foundation) a promoter of the arts, humanities and humanitarian projects. As head of the US-based church which he founded (essentially in 1933), Armstrong was a controversial figure. The Church's doctrines and theological teachings, called by some Armstrongism, were the result of his interpretation of the New Testament (particularly in regards to prophecy and the mission of the modern church) as well as the Old Testament (observance of the Sabbath, health laws, etc.) which were markedly diverse from those of other mainstream protestant or evangelical churches. Armstrong’s life span ranged from the horse and buggy era through the World Wars to the nuclear age, and his belief that world events during this span mirrored Bible prophesy, indicating a soon-coming return of Jesus Christ "…reflects a broad and important social [trend] in American society".[1], as one historian put it. Background Herbert Armstrong was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on July 31, 1892, into a Quaker family. He regularly attended the services and the Sunday school of First Friends Church in Des Moines. He attended North High School, but never graduated. At age 18, on the advice of an uncle, he decided join the field of journalism and advertising and started with a job in the want-ad department of a Des Moines newspaper, the Daily Capital. He developed his skills further through on-the-job training at several newspapers and magazines and, in 1915, moved to Chicago, Illinois in search of career advancement. On a trip back home in 1917, he met Loma Dillon, a schoolteacher and distant cousin from nearby Motor, Iowa. They married shortly thereafter (his 25th birthday on July 31, 1917) and returned to live in Chicago. His career in advertising began to take off (with his earnings exceeding the equivalent of USD 200,000/year in today's currency). On May 9, 1918, they had their first child, Beverly Lucile Armstrong, and on July 7, 1920, a second daughter, Dorothy Jane Armstrong. In 1924, after several unforseen business setbacks, Armstrong and family moved to Eugene, Oregon where his parents now lived. He continued in the advertising business despite the setbacks.
[edit] Wife encounters Church of God (Seventh Day)Once in Oregon, his wife, Loma, began spending time with Ora Runcorn and other members of the Church of God (Seventh Day). It’s worth giving considerable attention to whom and what this church was historically, as much as can be discerned from the record of history. This small Sabbatarian church (observing Saturday as the Sabbath) traced its history back to the Apostles, as evidenced by the book “A history of the True Religion Traced From 33 A.D to Date” by A. Dugger and C.O. Dodd—both being members of the Church (Armstrong later commissioned additional research into the history, resulting in “A True History of the True Church”, by his underling Herman Hoeh). Its history in America went back to Stephen Mumford’s Seventeenth Century congregations in Rhode Island, and from there, in reverse order chronologically, they traced themselves back to the so-called “Sabitarians”, "Lollards", "Waldensians", “Bogomils” “Athyngani” (or “Athingians”) and "Paulicians" of medieval and ancient European fame, and beyond them on down to certain early Christians congregations primarily in Italy and Asia Minor (modern day Turkey), including early church leaders like Polycarp and Polycrates of Ephesus--who had contact with the apostle John in his latter years, and who had fought for the observance of Passover and against Easter--and ultimately down to the Apostles. There are strong indications that at least some congregations of each of these groups, so called, referred to themselves as the “Church of God” (see below). Note the southeasterly tract towards Jerusalem backwards through time starting in England ("Sabbitarians" and "Lollards"), through the Alps and Balkans (Waldensians, Bogomils and Athingany, respectively) to Armenia ("Paulicians"), modern day Turkey (Polycarp and Polycrates) and Jerusalem (the Apostle Peter [for whom no evidence exists placing him in Rome at any time], and others). It goes without saying that the Apostolic Succession claims of the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church were inherently rejected by these groups throughout their history; moreover, all the aforementioned Church of God historians believed that the Catholic and Orthodox churches came into existence through the large-scale first century turning away from the true faith mentioned throughout the epistles. By all appearances these claims by the Church of God (Seventh day) of a continuous history back to the apostles are quite feasible, despite the fact that doctrinally the groups mentioned in the Church history (the Lollards, Waldensians, etc) at first appear to have had a hodgepodge of somewhat incongruous beliefs. There are two reasons for this: first, these groups are known to history by names and descriptions imposed by their religious antagonists, who virtually alone provide historians with documentation; their enemies were strongly inclined to describe their beliefs and practices not as they actually were--if even they could ascertain such knowledge fully--but rather in the most negative light. Second, there is actually a common thread or pattern of doctrines running throughout the history of these groups down through the centuries, linking certain “versions” of the “Waldensians”, “Bogomils”, “Paullicians” ect–-a “faithful core” as they would put it—emerging after one sifts away the apostate groups, as there is a complimentary pattern of offshoot congregations or groups falling away from these core doctrines, yet continuing to be clumsily grouped together in name by their contemporaries. Common doctrinal threads include abstaining from unclean meats (pork, shellfish, etc); rejection of the trinity coupled with the belief in the Holy Spirit as the spiritual power and mind of God offered to man; that commandment keeping is the required prerequisite to receiving the unearned gift of the Holy Spirit and eternal life; the keeping of the old Testament Holy Days as a shadow of things to come prophetically (though this doctrine was lost for a time); and the rejection of western religious observances like Easter, Christmas, All Saints Day, and New Years as pagan festivals. The most interesting common thread of all these groups is Sabbath keeping on the seventh day--Saturday rather than Sunday; these groups, throughout the centuries, consistently looked at their common thread of Sabbath keeping as the identifying sign that they are the true people of God, because God had stated in Exodus 31:13 that the Sabbath is the sign, or identifying mark that identifies the people of God, and because they believed scripture indicated that commandment keeping is the identifier of the true church—they being the only ones fully obeying God through the full and proper observance of the Sabbath commandment. The name “Church of God” is another common thread in all these groups. Through manuscripts translated by Coneybeare and others we can piece together that they rejected these names, referring to themselves generally as "Christians". It is within reason to surmise each of them to have foreran Mumford's group in using "Church of God", as there exist occasional references to such in their scant surviving writings and, also, in light of the consistent emphasis on fidelity to scripture throughout the centuries by a faithful core groups, this name does echo the one presented throughout the epistles and the Book of Acts: "Church of God". As for the reason for the discrepancy between the biblical “Church of God” name and the nicknames given them, the nicknames’ through their connotations were certainly meant to impose reproachful tags to diminish these groups influence. For instance, “Lollard” was a popular derogatory term for someone lacking an academic background. Also derogatory were the terms “Paulicians” and “Waldensians” when we consider Paul's admonition (I Corinthians 1:12-13) to the Church to diligently avoid splintering church unity by following specific church leaders rather than the one true faith (Peter Waldo was the leader of those subsequently called "Waldensians"--they called themselves "The Church of God"). The nickname “Sabbitarians” straightway set Sixteenth Century members residing in England squarely against the mainstream. An acceptation to all this is the term “Athyngani”, which can be translated “Those that understood prophesy”, given to this Sixth and Seventh Century church which probably used the books of Daniel and Revelation to predict the restoration of the Western Roman Empire by Justinian in 554 A.D. Overall, the claim of a continuous history is not unreasonable, despite the inherent difficulty in fully substantiating such a claim. Lastly, note that this church had at no time since it came to America an affiliation or connection with Ellen G. White, though many members had left the Church of God to join the Seventh-day Adventist Church she started.
[edit] Challenged Concerniing the True Sabbath and EvolutionAfter spending time fellowshipping with members of the Church of God (Seventh day), Loma challenged Armstrong that the day of the celebration of the Sabbath on Sunday was not supported by the Bible. As his business was struggling against larger competitors, he had the time to take up the challenge and began a long study of the Bible to prove his wife wrong. Armstrong began what would become a life-long habit of exhaustive cross-referencing of scriptures combined with the study of the original Greek and Hebrew renderings; he soon felt God was inspiring this, opening his mind to “truths” that historical Christian churches had not found or accepted. Also at this time, as stated in his autobiography, he was challenged by a relative who told him that anyone who didn't espouse to the theory of evolution over special creation was ignorant; this issue became the foundation of Armstrong's conversion. Though not very religious at the time, he had always taken the existence of God for granted, and began to study evolution extensively (and would later write frequently and in detail about what he had uncovered, focussing on a scientific refutation of evolution). His studies on the Sabbath and evolution convinced him that his wife was right, and that the theory of evolution was false. Overall, this became the starting point of Armstrong's delving into the Bible, and for several months he devoted vitually all his free time in this pursuit.
[edit] Radio ministryIn October 1933, a radio station, KORE, in Eugene, Oregon, offered free time to Mr. Armstrong for a morning devotional, a 15-minute time slot shared by other local ministers. After positive responses from listeners, the station owner let Armstrong start a new program and on the first Sunday in 1934, the Radio Church of God was born. These broadcasts eventually became the well-known, The World Tomorrow, of the future Worldwide Church of God. Radio stations in other cities (Portland, Salem, Seattle in 1940, Los Angeles in 1942) were recruited to broadcast the program. In February 1934, The Plain Truth magazine began publication. With these two media vehicles, Armstrong began to expand his ministry throughout the West Coast. From his new contacts in Los Angeles, Armstrong began to realize the potential for reaching a much larger audience. He searched for a suitable location and chose Pasadena, California, as being ideal as it was a conservative residential community. During this time, Armstrong also reflected on starting a college to train people in his growing church. Hence, in 1946 Armstrong moved his headquarters from Eugene to Pasadena and on March 3, 1946, the Radio Church of God was officially incorporated within the state of California. On October 8, 1947, his new college, Ambassador College opened its doors with four students.
[edit] Reaching out to the worldDuring the 1950s and 1960s, the church continued to expand and the radio program was broadcast in England, Australia, the Philippines, Latin America, and Africa. In 1952, The World Tomorrow began to air on Radio Luxembourg, making it possible to hear the program throughout much of Europe. The beginning of the European broadcast provides the context of a booklet published in 1956 called 1975 in Prophecy!, where Armstrong outlined prophetic trends leading up to 1975, and hypothetically portrayed a scenario with that year as the possible date of Chirst's return, conveying vividly one prophetic possibility. He thought that World War III and Christ's return was as the doorstep, probably to occur within his lifetime. Several books and booklets focused on key events that would signal the imminence of Christ's return, and taught of a specific end-time prophecy to be fulfilled, manifested in the form of European peacekeeping forces surrounding Jerusalem, at which time his church would flee to the scriptural "place of safety", possibly Petra in Jordan. World War III was predicted to be triggered by a “United States of Europe” led by Germany which would destroy both the United States of America and the United Kingdom. From the place of safety they would continue the work and prepare to help Christ establish Utopia upon His return. During years these several books and booklets were published by the church and distributed for free "as a public service." This literature included a fifty lesson Bible correspondence course which used hundreds of scriptures to explain the Bible and doctrine. The book The United States and Britain in Prophesy was published, the content of which Armstrong pointed to as proof of the Bible's authority, and it became the most well known and requested church publication with over five million copies distributed. The Plain Truth magazine continued to be published and circulated, eventually reaching a circulation of eight million.
[edit] Becoming the Worldwide Church of God
In April 1967, Armstrong's wife, Loma, died. On January 5, 1968, Armstrong’s church was renamed the Worldwide Church of God. By this time, Armstrong's youngest son, Garner Ted Armstrong was the voice and face of the new television version of the World Tomorrow. It was speculated that with his charisma and personality, he was the logical successor to Armstrong. However, in 1972, Garner Ted had been removed from church roles over doctrinal disagreements. He was reinstated, but soon after that he again openly rejected several doctrines and the church government structure, which would lead to him being excommunicated by his father in 1978. In response Garner Ted started a new church, the Church of God International in Tyler, Texas.
[edit] Final yearsThroughout the rest of the 1970's, the church continued to grow, and at its zenith membership it peaked at about 100,000 worldwide. Armstrong continued to travel around the world, meeting with a long list of heads of state. In August 1985, Armstrong’s final work, Mystery of the Ages, was published. He called it a “synopsis of the Bible in the most plain and understandable language”. It was more-or-less a compendium of Armstrong’s theology. However, this work is treasured by his followers and the publishing copyright would become the source of lawsuits between the Worldwide Church of God and one of its splinter groups. In September 1985, with his failing health widely known, Armstrong disappeared from public view. Normally he would have appeared at that year’s Feast of Tabernacles, a regularly held church festival. It was the first festival he was unable to attend since the church’s founding. According to The Worldwide News, Armstrong told his advisory council of his decision to appoint Joseph W. Tkach on January 7, 1986. Only nine days after naming his successor, Armstrong died on January 16, 1986, at the age of 93. Ahead Of His Time... By David Ben-Ariel I'm often accosted by some who mindlessly cut and paste a list of Herbert W. Armstrong's "failed prophecies." I respond Herbert Armstrong was ahead of his time and served as an early warning system. What follows is one of these many exchanges: ...is it really enough to dismiss this written record as "being ahead of his time?" Yes. Why don't you just be honest and admit you hate Herbert W. Armstrong because he spoke the plain truth that CANNOT be refuted? that your traditional Churchianity is merely baptized paganism the Bible condemns as part of Mystery Babylon? For exposing your SUNday as a pagan counterfeit of the biblical Sabbath; your pagan holidays you've sought with your replacement theology to replace the biblical festivals; that sheeple like you bleat they're born again and don't have a clue what they're talking about, since we're born again at the Resurrection only; that God is not the sadist traditional Christians make Him out to be; that the meek inherit the Earth - not float off to Heaven; that you're not an immortal soul, eternal life is a gift from God; the wicked will be destroyed, ashes under our feet; we can become literal God-beings, members of the Kingdom-Family of God? Why don't you just confess and forsake your sins of murderous hatred against HWA for slaughtering your "sacred cow" and exposing it as religious bull from Babylon? Haven't I refuted Herbert Armstrong by showing his timing was off? No. The Apostle Paul also thought Christ would return in his lifetime. He was ahead of his time, as he, like Herbert W. Armstrong, later realized. The enemies of God and Herbert W. Armstrong can't refute the plain truth of the Bible that anybody can read and see for themselves. That's why they have such a murderous hatred against Christ in him, just like the "religious" violently opposed Jesus for standing up for the TRUTH over their tradition. May such misguided folks repent of their mob mentality against God's servants, and learn to go against popular error instead and start teaching the plain truth of the Bible (that contradicts their present idolatrous traditions). Otherwise they'll die in their sins and traditional darkness (John 15:22). ...by what criteria did he speak truth? Mr. Armstrong spoke the plain truth by the criteria of the Bible that counterfeit Christianity has rejected for their own traditions. The Bereans were noble for checking out what Paul said compared to THE BIBLE - not compared to their traditions (Acts 17:11). ...are you denying he said the things I posted? I said Mr. Armstrong was ahead of his time. The PRINCIPLES of prophecy he spoke of remain absolutely true: a final revival of the unholy Roman Empire is prophesied and the EU is forging ahead with that Frankenstein Monster now. I'm stating categorically that what you've thrown up against Mr. Armstrong is a DIVERSIONARY TACTIC, a dishonest attempt to discredit him, since you can't refute the black and white of the Bible he taught on the plain points I've made and you know it. Who do you think you're fooling by such pretense? God? Man? Why play your foolish games? Proof that you're offering lame excuses is because every one of your popular traditional ministers or groups have taught and said worse things that, unlike HWA, aren't even true according to biblical prophecy, such as Russia attacking America (when Mr. Armstrong alone warned it will ultimately be a German-led Europe that attacks us that even some Protestants now agree is true) and yet we never see you get all hot and bothered about them or post against them or call them false prophets. Why your glaring double standard? Perhaps you're too blind to see it yourself, but now that it's been brought to your attention, prayerfully think about it and see this is the plain truth. "For exposing your SUNday as a pagan counterfeit of the biblical Sabbath; your pagan holidays you've sought with your replacement theology to replace the biblical festivals'" -- I believe Judaizers were addressed by Paul, not by me. According to your vain traditions and popular error, Paul would be a Judaizer since he kept and taught the biblical Sabbath and festivals, just like Jesus did and will command all nations to keep when He returns and reigns in Jerusalem. Are you in denial of this plain truth? It says Christ will command both Jews, Israelites and Gentiles, all nations, to keep the Feast of Tabernacles - not pagan Xmas or Easter (should tell you a lot right there!)- when He reigns from Jerusalem with the glorified Saints, then brilliant God-beings. Is Jesus a Judaizer? Rather, your kind are Roman wolves in sheep's clothing with your replacement theology, seeking to demonically replace the Sabbath with pagan Sunday, the biblical festivals with your hollow days of pagan origins that GOD HATES, and you do many other similar things with your idolatrous and tinsel traditions. "that God is not the sadist traditional Christians make Him out to be; that the meek inherit the Earth - not float off to Heaven;" -- who said anything about floating off? I have specifically said our hope is in the new earth. Thankfully, you're correct about the New Earth, but your traditional Churchianity teaches folks go to "heaven or hell" when they die, which is a RELIGIOUS LIE. And I see you still misrepresent God as a sadist rather than a loving God who puts the wicked out of their misery, who mercifully destroys them completely in the Lake of Fire and lets them return to dust while the rest become divine. "that you're not an immortal soul, eternal life is a gift from God;" -- Yes, a gift already given to all. Another RELIGIOUS LIE. Why don't you believe the clear teachings of the Scripture rather than Catholic-Babylonian doctrines of demons? Satan said, "You shall surely not die." In other words, you're an immortal soul! Yet God's Word says the soul that sins it shall die, and Revelation speaks of the second death (from which there is never a resurrection), and Jesus spoke about destroying both body and soul in "Hell fire." Why don't you believe Him? God isn't the sadist you counterfeit Christians with your serpentine ministers make Him out to be. "For God so loved the world that He gave His only begotten Son that whosoever believes in Him should not PERISH (death), but (on the other hand) have everlasting life." Life or death - those are the only two choices. Not life and life. And who would consider it a gift if they had eternal life in torment? You're not even being logical or biblical. "The wages of sin is DEATH, but the gift of God is eternal life" (Romans 6:23). Life or death, plain and simple. And "no murderer has eternal life dwelling in him" (I John 3:15). "the wicked will be destroyed, ashes under our feet; we can become literal God-beings, members of the Kingdom-Family of God? Why don't you just confess and forsake your sins of murderous hatred against HWA for slaughtering your "sacred cow" and exposing it as religious bull from Babylon?" -- I don't believe you ever answered as to why HWA was lying to you about the Greek language, his sole basis for his beliefs; that it does not concern you...... Why are you still wrestling dishonestly, desperately, with YOUR straw man? I've clearly shown how biblical it is to know and believe and teach we're to become literal God-beings and I don't need to know Greek to read it in the Bible and believe the simplicity that is in Christ. Why are you so dishonest and trying to squirm around clear statements like "flesh and blood does NOT inherit the Kingdom of God," and "we shall see Him as He is for we shall be like Him," and even as we've born the human image of Adam, so we'll bear the divine image of Christ, the FIRSTBORN OF MANY BRETHREN. Why don't you believe those clear Scriptures that you're afraid to address and go off on your little tangents, dishonestly? Why don't you let the Truth set you free from your lying traditions? Why resist the Holy Spirit of truth? You should praise God for exposing such darkness to you and be glad to forsake the Babylon you're in enslaved within. Regardless, it's your choice: you can become dust or divine, have eternal life or eternal death. But, like God, I encourage you to CHOOSE LIFE. David Ben-Ariel, a Christian-Zionist writer and author of Beyond Babylon: Europe's Rise and Fall, shares a special focus on the Middle East and great interest in Jerusalem, reflected in hard-hitting articles that help others improve their understanding of that troubled region. |
Who was Herbert W. Armstrong? Most likely you've never heard of him. It would do you incredibly well to study his teachings. It is then that you would question the authenticity of the people who head your Church... |